The nature of metaphor, metaphoric understanding, and its functions have been recognized as three main issues in research and theoretical formulations on metaphor and metaphor processing. In general, metaphor is defined as understanding and experiencing one thing based on another. Metaphor can also be considered as an expression that has two conceptual domains in which one of the domains is experienced and understood according to the other. These two conceptual domains are known as target domain and Source domain. In this study, we examine the relationship between conceptual metaphor and formation of a schema in short texts regarding target and Source domains. The main tools of the study were the texts written in fluent Persian and divided into two categories of metaphorical texts and their equivalent non-metaphorical versions. Both texts have had a shared schema. Furthermore, the number of words were equal in both texts. For this purpose, 3 metaphorical and 3 equivalent non-metaphorical short texts were designed in Psychopy software in 2 visual and auditory versions and 47 people were exposed to the short-term recognition after reading/listening to it. There were eight texts including 3 metaphorical and 3 non-metaphorical ones plus 2 texts that were used as filler texts which were excluded from the final analyses. The texts were organized in such a manner that the metaphorical text played before its corresponding non-metaphorical text with an interval. At the next round, the nonmetaphorical text was played before its metaphorical version. The sample was selected through convenience sampling which included 80 twenty to twenty-five-year-old students of Foreign Languages School and Management School of Allameh Tabatabai University in Tehran. Since variations in memory capacity can affect the test results, they were given a Persian word recognition test to ensure relative consistency among all participants' memory capacity. The test processes in the visual and auditory tests were the same except in the method of presenting the texts on the screen or playing through the headphone. In this study, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for analyzing the data and providing tentative answers to the research questions. All the analyses were implemented SPSS V. 23 software. To analyse the data in each of the visual and auditory tasks separately, Friedman non-parameter test was used. For comparing the data of the visual and auditory tasks, Mann-Whitney test was used. Results indicated that in metaphorical texts, there are traces of the non-metaphorical text`s main schema. This finding brings us closer to the assumption that it is Source domain`s schema that projects on target domain in metaphors and makes it more understandable.

The study of the colloquial idioms, which are used to establish and maintain social relations with others, is a way to realize how people think. The following descriptive-analytical study aims at investigating the concepts and explaining the cognitive motivations in the Persian colloquial idioms which include the word "bread". The data required for the study were extracted from Najafi's Persian Folklore Idioms (2008/1387) and analyzed within the approaches discussed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Kövecses (2002) to determine the cognitive motivations in the idioms in terms of metaphor, metonymy and conventional knowledge. Findings showed that "bread" motivates the formation of the abstract concepts of "INCOME", "GRATITUDE", "SUPPORT", "INTERFERENCE", "TROUBLESOMENESS", "HONOR", "OWE", "MEANNESS", "MISTAKES" and "OPPORTUNISM" in the idioms. The study, also, revealed that the idioms which contain the concrete domain of "bread" are conceptualized by more than one cognitive mechanism, and the formation of the idioms cannot be related to only one mechanism. Hence, it could be concluded that idioms are motivated by multiple cognitive mechanisms.

Background and Objective: Soundscape as one of the non-visual aspects of urban landscape requires assessment and redesign that needs evaluation of soundscape and identification of problematic areas and then taking the action according to the precise assessments. Naghshe-Jahan square as an urban space that embraces people from different ages and social groups should be assessed in terms of soundscape quality. Method: The research aimed at assessment of the soundscape quality of Naghshe-Jahan square through frequency classification in octave band. St-8851 sound meter was used for field assessments. 429 points in grid mode was assessed and logarithmic sum of low, mid and high frequency bands was calculated and presented in the form of GIS maps with precise spatial coordinates. Findings: By examining the frequency spectrum of single noise Sources, different audio domains in the field were determined based on high, mid and low frequency bands. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that in the low frequencies, the alignment map was almost homogeneous. At mid frequencies, the pass of horses around the central pool and the entrance of the Qaisariyye Bazar were of high levels, indicating the density of the mid-frequency sound Sources, such as human sounds. In high frequencies only the vehicle and gharry paths and water bodies had high sound pressure levels due to the concentration of sound Sources with friquencies higher than the 4000 Hz. Finally, strategies and policies were introduced based on the results.

Background: The need for a rapid, noninvasive method for unwanted hair removal has led to the development of various light Sources for this purpose. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Intense Pulsed Light Source (IPLS) on unwanted hairs. Patients & Methods: In this open, uncontrolled clinical trial, 77 different anatomical areas in 34 referred patients to "Novin Didegan Clinic" in Tehran in 1380-1381, were treated by IPLS at fluencies ranging from 22 to 34 j/cm2 after their demographic data and the number of hairs were recorded. The 3 to 7 treatment sessions were accomplished 4 to 6 weeks apart. All of the patients were followed 6 months after the last therapy. The quantitative data were  analyzed by paired t test. Results: Six months after the last therapy, more than 50% reduction in number of hairs was noted in 80% of the treated areas; with mean reduction of 72±23 percent. Side effects were mild and reversible and occurred in ten patients. Conclusion: The IPLS appears to provide an effective and safe method for long term excess hair removal in various skin types.      

Johnson and Lakoff consider conceptual metaphors as mappings between two domains called Source and target domain. The function of these mappings is to objectify the abstract concepts of the target domain through the schemas of the Source domain. The purpose of this research is to classify death-awareness stories based on "rebirth" in children's literature. In this regard, paying attention to the metaphor "death is a journey, " this article seeks to answer how the schema-images of "journey" work in the conceptualization of "rebirth" and "resurrection. " The method of this research is analytical-descriptive, and its statistical population is children's stories with the theme of rebirth and resurrection for the demographic group of early childhood. The result of this research shows that, according to the up/down orientational metaphor and the "path" scheme, the mentioned stories are divided into four categories: resurrection without transcendence, resurrection with transcendence, transfiguration with transcendence, and the chain of renewal. The above categories are also classified into subcategories. For the first time in Iran, this research examines reversible deaths with a cognitive semantics approach.

Person reidentification problem is intended to retrieve images of one person from the images captured by non-overlapping cameras. Despite the successful performance of the deep person reidentification models, the performance usually decreases during testing the model on different unlabeled datasets.In this paper, a well-generalized model for unsupervised domain adaptation in person reidentificationis proposed. The model uses both labeled Source dataset and unlabeled target dataset during training and the goal is to generalize well on the unlabeled target domain. To this end, our model is optimized by three loss functions. The final loss function consists of one loss function for supervised learning of the Source domain’s features, another for unsupervised learning of the target domain’s features, and a triplet loss function for learning the features of both Source and target domains. The proposed model with strategy 2 for selecting neighbors achieves 84.5 % in rank-1 accuracy and 63% for mAP on Duke -> Market setting. It also achieves 70.1 % in rank-1 accuracy and 49.1 % for mAP on Market -> Duke setting.

Metaphors have been upgraded from being a word fantasizing tool to a tool for cognition and thinking by George Lakoff’s and Mark Johnson’s cognitive metaphor theory. Lakoff and Johnson found out that metaphors do not only belong to literary language, but the are functional in everyday language as well and poets transferred the metaphors in poetry and literary language for their own purposes. Conceptual metaphors make concepts tangible using “Source domain” and “target domain”. “domain” is a scope of words and meanings which make a concept imaged or “mapped”, for example journey is the “Source domain” and life is the “Source domain” in “life is a journey”. In this schema we used a tangible concept for life which is an abstract concept.  Given to the theory, the current study conducted an analysis of Hafez Divān’s first sonnet to prove that the sonnet is based on and fully explainable by “love is a journey” conceptual metaphor; in fact all the sonnet’s components serve to induce this concept.